Italy case study: Arborea Plain
The Arborea Plain, in the Sardinia Region (Italy), is a hydraulic reclamation area, where animal manure and slurry, as well as synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, have been applied on the fields. This has resulted in high nitrate concentrations, especially in the shallow aquifer, such that it was designated as a NVZ (Nitrate Vulnerable Zone) under the Nitrates Directive in 2005. Besides the groundwater, nitrates and phosphates are also lost directly by surface runoff to the reclamation channels network ending to the S’Ena Arrubia natural wetland, which is an EU recognized naturalistic site.